Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science)

Multi-source heterogeneous medical big data fusion and analysis technology

CUI Lizhen, SUN Xiaofang, LIU Ning, XU Yonghui, HE Wei

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 1-13. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2025.194

Abstract ( 20 )

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Healthcare data, as a core element of modern medical research and practice, was characterized by multi-source heterogeneity, fragmentation, and low utilization rate, making it difficult to effectively uncover the implicit correlations and knowledge value. Overcoming the integration challenges of multi-source heterogeneous data became a key obstacle in shifting health management from passive treatment to proactive intervention. Focusing on the core value and integration difficulties of healthcare data, the research progress and technological breakthroughs were systematically reviewed. Through comprehensive analysis of multimodal and multi-source heterogeneous data fusion, interpretable knowledge discovery, and cross-modal correlation mining, an advanced technological framework for multi-source heterogeneous medical big data was innovatively proposed. This framework supported the triple evolution of healthcare data systems toward multi-modal transformation, knowledge graph upgrading, and interpretability innovation, thereby fully unleashing the multiplier effect of healthcare data as a national strategic resource.

Distributed online optimization algorithm based on differential privacy mechanism and one-point feedback

ZHANG Bo, XU Yue, KANG Le, ZHANG Guijun

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 14-25. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.231

Abstract ( 19 )

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For distributed online optimization problem with privacy protection on directed networks, this research proposed a distributed online optimization algorithm based on differential privacy mechanism. The state of the node was disturbed by random noise which conformed to the Laplacian distribution, and the privacy information of the node was effectively protected. To solve the problem of unknown gradient information explicitly, this research introduced an one-point feedback to estimate the real gradient, and used the estimated gradient information to guide the update of decision variables, so that the algorithm could adapt to the scenario where the gradient information was unavailable. The theoretical results showed that the proposed algorithm could not only protect the privacy information of nodes but also realize the sublinear regret, and the distributed online optimization problem could be effectively solved. The simulation results verified the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Critical node identification for time series networks based on improved gravity model

JIANG Yuan, SHI Jiawen, LI Junliang, LIU Yu, WU Longxue

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 26-34. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.199

Abstract ( 18 )

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To address the limitations of existing temporal network models in identifying critical nodes, which often suffer from narrow evaluation perspectives and low computational efficiency, an improved gravity model was proposed for key node recognition. This model integrated both the mixed degree decomposition and degree information of nodes while accounting for their positional influence, effectively capturing both local and global structural characteristics to quantify node importance. The computational complexity was reduced by defining the distance between nodes using a truncated network radius. Experiments were conducted on six real-world datasets using the SIR propagation model, Kendall's correlation coefficient, and Top-k metrics. Results demonstrated that the proposed model outperformed six other methods in identifying critical nodes in temporal networks.

Robust fuzzy rough set and attribute reduction based on data weights

LI Lu, WANG Xin

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 35-48. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.200

Abstract ( 17 )

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A robust fuzzy rough set model and attribute reduction algorithm were proposed in this paper. This article considered the local density of data samples and quantifies them, using the quantization results to evaluate the noise level of the samples in the overall dataset. The weight of the samples was measured by the level of noise, and a distance measure between sample sets was defined. The fuzzy similarity between samples was replaced by the fuzzy similarity between sample sets, which improved the robustness of the fuzzy similarity and established a robust fuzzy rough set model. Based on the proposed robust fuzzy rough set, the dependency between attributes and classes was defined to evaluate the significance of attribute subsets, and a robust fuzzy rough set attribute reduction algorithm was designed. The experimental results showed that the designed attribute reduction algorithm had stronger robustness and superiority than existing algorithms.

Improved coati optimization algorithm based on nonlinear adaptation and applications

LIU Zongyuan, LI Xiaoguang, HOU Yuxiang, DING Hao

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 49-62. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2025.003

Abstract ( 16 )

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Aiming to address the problems of insufficient global search capability, easily falling into local optima, and slow convergence speed of the coati optimization algorithm(COA), an improved coati optimization algorithm based on nonlinear adaptation(NACOA)was proposed. A Logistic-Tent mapping was used to initialize the coati population, which improved the initial search space coverage of the algorithm and generated more dispersed and high-quality initial solutions. The Levy flight strategy was introduced, which made use of its long-jump characteristic to enhance the global search capability of the algorithm and effectively avoided the algorithm from falling into local optima. The nonlinearly diminishing inertia weight was used to increase the adaptability of the population and the search efficiency, balance the global and local search capabilities, and improve the population convergence accuracy through the golden sine strategy. Comparative simulation experiments were conducted on benchmark test functions, and the results showed that NACOA had better convergence speed and optimization accuracy. The NACOA was applied to the design of engineering problems, which proved the effectiveness and practicality of this algorithm.

Path exploration strategy for symbolic execution based on active learning

ZHU Dongqing, ZHANG Junwen, HE Lianying, WANG Rui, LIU Jiqiang, ZHANG Dalin

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 63-71. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.177

Abstract ( 21 )

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To address the issue of symbolic execution path explosion, a path exploration strategy for symbolic execution based on active learning(ALS)was designed.In this study, the reward values of all states in the test state pool were predicted. The states with accurately predicted high reward values were automatically annotated and fed back to the model to update the prediction model. Based on the model's performance and prediction accuracy, a decision was made on whether to proceed to the next round of testing. After the final round of model updates, some of the prediction models automatically underwent iterative training to generate multiple sub-models, which were then collectively employed for symbolic execution path exploration.The experimental results demonstrated that under the same test conditions, higher code coverage and branch coverage were often achieved by ALS compared to other baseline methods. Moreover, more undefined behavior violations and real-world program vulnerabilities were discovered, and test cases of higher quality were generated. When these test cases were utilized as initial seeds for fuzz testing, more program paths could be discovered.

Mechanical characteristics of rapid impact compaction technology treating pulverised soil foundations based on large triaxial tests

JIANG Dahai, LIU Yazhen, QI Di, LÜ Bin, GONG Haixia, WANG Chuyi, ZHANG Hongbo

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 72-79. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.266

Abstract ( 14 )

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To reveal the mechanical characteristics of rapid impact compaction treatment on pulverized soil foundations, an indoor triaxial test was conducted on compacted pulverized soil. This test simulated the effects of different tamping energies, determined the stress-strain behavior of pulverized soil under varying tamping energies and confining pressures, and calculated the mechanical parameters based on the Duncan-Chang model. The results showed that as tamping energy increases, the peak stress of the pulverized soil specimens also increases. Specifically, the peak strain of the pulverized soil foundation treated with 150 kJ of tamping energy could reach up to 396 kPa, which was 1.3 to 1.5 times greater than that of the foundation treated with 70 kJ. The shrinkage of the foundation after treatment at 150 kJ of tamping energy level was most pronounced in the impact tamping. Moreover, under the same tamping energy level, the peak stress of the pulverized soil specimens increased with the rise in confining pressure, with the peak stress corresponding to the strain of the specimen. For instance, at a confining pressure of 200 kPa, the peak stress of the soil treated with 150 kJ of tamping energy could reach 530 kPa, which was double that observed under the same treatment conditions at a confining pressure of 100 kPa. Using the Duncan-Chang calculation model, the mechanical parameters of the pulverized soil foundation after treatment with different tamping energies were calculated. These research findings provided theoretical support for the promotion and application of RIC technology.

Life prediction of recycled aggregate concrete in salt freezing based on Wiener random process

CAO Fubo, ZHANG Jiayi, ZHANG Likai, LI Dun, HUANG Qiang, ZHAO Bo, PENG Liyuan, TIAN Jinliang, WANG Chenxia

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 80-88. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.277

Abstract ( 18 )

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In order to study the effect of salt freezing environment on the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC), the strength grade, the number of freeze-thaw cycles and the eroded salt type were used as test variables, and the macroscopic and microscopic tests were combined. The deterioration mechanism of RAC and normal aggregate concrete(NAC)after salt freezing cycle was analyzed. Based on the relative dynamic elastic modulus of RAC under salt freezing cycle test, the Wiener random process was used to model and analyze the change rule of reliability, and the service life of RAC in salt freezing environment was predicted. The results showed that the salt freezing resistance of RAC was worse than that of NAC, and the higher the strength grade of RAC, the better the salt freezing resistance. The loss rate of dynamic elastic modulus of 3.7% mass fraction Na₂SO₄ group was only 1.72% before 60 salt freezing cycles, and the loss rate of dynamic elastic modulus of RAC decreased rapidly after 90 salt freezing cycles due to the damage accumulation of salt freezing resistance, reaching 17.16 %. Microscopic analysis found that after the salt freezing cycle, the lower the RAC strength rating, the looser the internal structure was after salt freezing, and the larger the crack width. According to the model analysis of Wiener random process, the reliability duration of RC50-C model was the longest, and the estimated value of frost resistance durability life in North China could reach 53 years.

The inhibition of alkali-silica reaction by ceramic polishing waste and silica fume

GAO Peng, NI Zhuang, ZHOU Haoran, WANG Yimeng, WANG Jue

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 89-96. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.279

Abstract ( 15 )

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In order to investigate the effects of ceramic polishing waste(CPW)and silica fume(SF)on the expansion of alkali-silica reaction(ASR), accelerated mortar bar tests were carried out with different proportions of CPW and SF instead of cement, and the strength of concrete specimens with the same replacement rate was tested. The hydration product, microstructure, and elemental composition in the mortar bars were analyzed using X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)to elucidate the ASR inhibition mechanism. The results showed that the effect of CPW on inhibiting ASR swelling increased with the increase of content, and 30% CPW could inhibit ASR expansion. A binary blend of CPW and SF further enhanced the inhibition of ASR; However, total replacement levels exceeding 30% may reduce the strength of concrete. In addition, there was a synergistic effect between CPW and SF, in which Al₂O₃ in CPW consumed alkali ions and promotes the formation of non-expansive aluminosilicate minerals. The pozzolanic effects of CPW and SF increased the alkali-binding capacity of the gel, further mitigating ASR expansion.

Question-answering model for building material carbon emissions unit conversion based on retrieval-augmented generation and Agent

YAN Qiao, JIAO Fei, YAN Yi, DU Xianghua, LIU Pengcheng

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 97-104. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2025.190

Abstract ( 12 )

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To solve mismatching between the measurement units of building materials and the units of carbon emission factors during the calculation of carbon emissions in the phase of building materials production and transportation, a question-answering model for building material carbon emissions unit conversion based on retrieval-augmented generation(RAG)and Agent was proposed. A local knowledge database was constructed by analyzing typical material conversion processes, and a RAG module was designed to provide step-by-step references for the conversions. An Agent capable of calling the calculation tool was developed to perform the mathematical operations required in the conversion process. The prompt templates were designed and integrated with a large language model to answer the question based on local knowledge database. The experimental results showed that the proposed model could accurately answer the unit conversion questions of building materials, and realized visualization of the unit conversion results and reasoning steps displayed on the Web interface and local console.

Experimental investigation of tensile mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of steel slag ultra-high performance concrete

GUO Min, HAN Linxuan, LI Jingjun

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 105-113. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.289

Abstract ( 15 )

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With the goal of low-carbon environmental protection, the application of solid waste steel slag in ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC)was explored to develop green and environmentally friendly steel slag UHPC. The research examined the effect of varying contents of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate on the tensile properties of steel slag UHPC through axial tensile tests. Specifically, it analyzes the effects of replacing cement with steel slag powder and quartz sand with steel slag aggregate at different contents on the axial tensile curve and mechanical indices of UHPC. The tensile failure mechanisms of steel slag UHPC were also explored. The results indicated that while the axial tensile strength of UHPC decreased with the inclusion of either steel slag powder or steel slag aggregate, it remained within acceptable limits. The material's ductility is impacted by the type and amount of steel slag used; specifically, adding steel slag powder alone enhanced ductility, whereas adding steel slag aggregate alone reduced it. When the combined content of steel slag powder and aggregate was relatively low, the material exhibited good ductility and a multi-crack failure mode. Based on the analysis of the tensile stress and strain characteristics, an optimal steel slag content for steel slag UHPC was recommended.

Design theory and experimental study of strengthening reinforced concrete beams with prestressed carbon fiber cloth

QIN Yu, ZHANG Zejun, RAN Yao, JIANG Kai, YANG Jiacheng, QIAN Yuanshun, GUAN Yanhua, SUN Renjuan

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 114-121. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.280

Abstract ( 13 )

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To improve the design theory of reinforced concrete(RC)beams strengthened with prestressed carbon fiber sheets and expand their engineering applications, systematic theoretical analysis and experimental verification studies were conducted. Based on the ductile failure criterion and the plane section assumption of RC beams, the control boundaries of the initial tension strain of carbon fiber sheets under different strengthening layers were clarified. Combined with the requirement for improving the flexural bearing capacity of beams, a quantitative calculation method for the number of carbon fiber sheet strengthening layers and the initial tension strain was established. In accordance with the adaptation requirements of engineering practice, a complete design process for RC beams strengthened with prestressed carbon fiber sheets was constructed, and the strengthening effect was evaluated through four-point bending tests. The experimental results showed that the strengthened RC beams exhibited an ideal plastic failure mode, and their bearing capacity meets the design requirements, which proved the scientificity and practicability of the proposed design method.

Study on load carrying performance enhancement and optimization of reinforcing members for power transmission towers in service

ZHANG Liang, NIU Kai, XU Weihao, ZHAI Mengqi, JIN Qingtong, LIU Juncai, TIAN Li

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 122-132. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.205

Abstract ( 15 )

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This paper focused on a novel cross-type non-destructive reinforcement technique aimed at addressing member buckling failure, which was a primary cause of transmission tower collapses. Through a combination of static loading tests and finite element analysis, a comprehensive assessment was made of the damage modes, load-bearing performance, and stress distribution of the reinforced members. The research further investigated the effects of key parameters, such as member slenderness ratio, width-to-thickness ratio, number of fixtures, and the specifications and strength of the reinforcing materials on the ultimate compressive load capacity of the reinforced members. The findings revealed that the proposed reinforcement method significantly enhanced the load-bearing performance, with the ultimate load capacity increasing by over 14% after reinforcement. Additionally, it was found that higher slenderness ratios were correlated with lower ultimate compressive capacities of the reinforced members, though the reinforcing effect became more pronounced. As the width-to-thickness ratio of the main reinforcing material decreased, the improvement in ultimate load capacity also diminished. Moreover, increasing the number of fixtures to a certain threshold stabilized the ultimate compressive load capacity of the reinforced members. Lastly, while the specifications and strength of the reinforcing materials did exert some influence, their overall impact was relatively limited. Symbol`@@

Study on water stability of acrylate-based grouting-solids of ultracataclasite strata

RUAN Pengfei, MI Xiangyun, LIN Chunjin, LI Zhaofeng, YANG Lei, ZHANG Jian, SUN Keke

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 133-141. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.341

Abstract ( 13 )

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In view of the problem that the strength deterioration mechanism of acrylate-based grouting materials was unclear when reinforcing ultracataclasite strata in water-rich environment, this study investigated the effects of material composition and groundwater corrosive ions(Cl^-, OH^-)on the mechanical properties of the grouting-solids of ultracataclasite. By studying the effects of the change in dosage(Mass ratio of single-component to modified acrylate-based grouting material solution)of main agent((CH₂CHCOO)₂Ca,(CH₂CHCOO)₂Mg), modifier(α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O)and crosslinker(C₁₄H₁₈O₇)on the mechanical properties of the grouting-solids of ultracataclasite in composite ion environment, the mix ratio of the acrylate-based grouting materials was determined. Simulation experiments was carried out on water-rich ion environment erosion experiments at different Cl^- volume concentrations, pH and erosion ages, the uniaxial compressive strength of grouting-solids of ultracataclasite was tested. Infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)was used to reveal the erosion mechanism, and low-field magnetic resonance imaging(LF-NMRI)was used to analyze the evolution of microstructure. The results showed that the change of modifier(α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O)was the main factor for the improvement of the compressive strength of the grouting-solids of ultracataclasite. The increase of Cl^- volume concentrations, pH and the prolongation of age led to a continuous decrease in the uniaxial compressive strength of grouting-solids of ultracataclasite, and the compressive strength completely disappeared within 5 days under extreme alkaline conditions(pH=14). Cl^- replaced the hydroxyl group(—OH)in the structure of the grouting material gel and broke the hydrogen bond, while OH^- destroyed the ester group(—COO—)in the organic network structure of the grouting material. The results of low-field magnetic resonance imaging showed that the erosion of the two accelerated the formation of internal pores in the grouting-solids of ultracataclasite. The research findings offered reliable support for the optimization of ion erosion resistance of modified acrylate-based grouting materials and the evaluation of their service performance in practical engineering.

Application of cathodic protection system for offshore photovoltaic pile foundation

WANG Feng, LIN Bin

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 142-148. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2025.160

Abstract ( 13 )

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To address the issue of corrosion and structural damage to offshore photovoltaic pile foundations caused by aggressive marine environments, which threatened the operational safety of power plants and increased maintenance costs, the impressed current cathodic protection(ICCP)method was employed for corrosion protection. The investigation utilized the first fixed-pile-based offshore photovoltaic power station in China(project HG30). A coupled chemical field-electric field simulation model was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics to analyze the influence of the number and arrangement of auxiliary anodes on potential distribution. Field current feeding tests were conducted in typical zones of the project HG30, where power supply units, auxiliary anodes, and reference electrodes were deployed to validate the protective effectiveness under varying output currents. The results indicated that with one auxiliary anode installed at 5 m below water level and one reference electrode at 15 m depth, the ICCP system provided effective corrosion protection for pile foundations within a 200 m radius at the output current of 4-5 A.

Prediction of shell vibration of coal mill lower frame body based on modal analysis and PCA-WOA-RF

ZHAO Xiaohui, LIU Lei, PU Junping, CHENG Xiaole, GAO Chang, HU Sheng

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 149-157. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.228

Abstract ( 15 )

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In order to investigate the complex nonlinear mapping relationship between the shell vibration of the lower frame body of the coal mill and other operating parameters, and to improve the accuracy of the prediction of the shell vibration of the lower frame body of the coal mill, a prediction method of the shell vibration of the lower frame body of the coal mill based on the PCA-WOA-RF model was proposed. Modal analysis was carried out on the lower frame body of the coal mill to verify the standard value of shell vibration of the lower frame body, correlation analysis was conducted on the working data of the coal mill using Spearman correlation coefficient method and principal component analysis(PCA)method and principal components were extracted. Random forests(RF)were used as the basis of the structure of the prediction model, and the hyperparameters of the model were optimised using whale optimisation algorithm(WOA). The coal mill working data of Guoneng Changyuan Wuhan Qingshan Thermal power Co., Ltd. was used as an example for validation, and the accuracy was compared with PCA-BP, PCA-SVM and PCA-RF models. The results showed that the primary air flow, tie rod strain, coal mill motor shaft vibration, mid-frame body shell vibration, coal volume and primary air inlet and outlet differential pressure were significantly correlated with the lower frame body shell vibration of the coal mill, the variance contribution of the two principal components extracted by principal component analysis was 94.569%, and the proposed PCA-WOA-RF model had the smallest average prediction error, and the prediction accuracy reached 97.80%. The model further improved the prediction accuracy of the shell vibration of the lower frame body of the coal mill.

Research on localized moisture of transformer oil paper insulation based on hybrid equivalent circuit

LIN Zhiyong, PENG Mingcheng, DENG Dongping, LI Ronghua, HUANG Guotai

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 158-168. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.174

Abstract ( 17 )

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Considered the limitations of existing extended Debye equivalent circuit in polarization research of transformer oil paper insulation interface, this paper built a hybrid equivalent circuit model, combined with particle swarm optimization algorithm for equivalent circuit parameter identification, and constructed a hybrid equivalent circuit that accurately reflected transformer insulation aging. The paper analyzed the influence of variation of middle time constant branch parameters in the equivalent circuit of the hybrid model and the extended Debye model on the return voltage polarization spectrum. Furthermore, the relationship between the hybrid branch and the dampening mechanism of oil-paper insulation in the transformer was studied. The results indicated that:compared with the extended Debye equivalent circuit, the hybrid equivalent circuit was more effective in characterizing the interface polarization characteristics of oil-paper, and the hybrid equivalent circuit could more effectively reflected the local peak of the recovery voltage polarization spectrum caused by local moisture of the transformer. Moreover, the average time constant of the hybrid branch had a good functional relationship with the sub-time constant of return voltage polarization spectrum, which was an effective way to studied local dampness of transformer insulation, and it could provide a new idea for the research on the local dampness of transformer insulation.

Ultra-short-term thermal power unit load forecasting based on D-Mamba model

WANG Xinjian, JING Zhibin, MENG Fancheng, SHI Jianguo, ZHANG Minhao, ZHANG Yifan, WANG Qinghua, ZHU Yankai

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 169-178. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.194

Abstract ( 14 )

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China progressively promoted the transition toward a new power system, with thermal power shifting from a base-load to a peak-load source. In this evolving power-generation context, thermal power units faced stricter challenges in unit tests and diverse response assessments. Ultra-short-term load forecasting for power units needed to account for the operating state of the unit to accurately assess its near-future load adjustment capability. Precise ultra-short-term load forecasting was critical for revealing a unit's dynamic performance indicators and assisting real-time operational adjustments. For units equipped with Auto-Generation Control(AGC), the AGC command served as a pivotal factor in forecasting power-generation loads. Hence, leveraging the Mamba model, this paper introduced a dynamic correction module centered on the AGC command, thereby ensuring precise ultra-short-term unit load forecasting. The model's performance was validated using actual operational data from a power unit, demonstrating its capability to achieve more accurate load forecasts.

A frequency regulation strategy for microgrids involving load-side resources based on cloud-edge collaborative architecture

ZHAO Wenmeng, CHENG Zhe, ZHOU Baorong, MAO Tian, WANG Tao, WANG Yezhen, WU Qiuwei

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 179-188. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.317

Abstract ( 19 )

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To address the limitations of traditional centralized frequency regulation approaches, which heavily relied on central nodes and faced issues such as communication latency and data privacy leakage, this study proposed a frequency regulation strategy for microgrids based on a cloud-edge collaborative architecture with participation from load-side resources. A system-level frequency regulation framework was established under the cloud-edge architecture, enabling the decomposition of regulation tasks and the effective utilization of edge computing capabilities within virtual power plants. Considering the operational characteristics of flexible load-side resources, frequency regulation models were developed for thermostatically controlled loads and electric vehicle charging stations, incorporating user satisfaction. Taking into account the risks of communication failures in cloud-edge systems, a regulation strategy was proposed that considered regulation cost, carbon emissions, and user satisfaction, while enhancing the response capability under communication disruptions. Case studies based on the IEEE 33-bus system demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed benchmark approaches in reducing regulation costs, improving user satisfaction, and lowering carbon emissions associated with frequency regulation.

Research on hierarchical water use of residents in 13 cities of the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Shandong Province

ZHANG Yike, DAI Chenyang, WANG Haofang, WANG Mingdong, LI Dianji

Journal of Shandong University(Engineering Science). 2026, 56(1): 189-196. doi:10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2024.239

Abstract ( 17 )

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In response to the water shortage in 13 cities along the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Shandong Province and the issue that water prices have failed to effectively guide hierarchical water conservation among residents, based on the survey data of domestic water consumption of residents in these 13 cities, the probability density interval statistical method was adopted to establish a hierarchical domestic water consumption evaluation model to calculate the rigid and elastic water consumption, and to reveal the influence mechanism of water price changes on the rigid and elastic water consumption of residents. The results showed that the proportion of elastic water consumption in Shandong Province was 29.92%. Under the premise of meeting the rigid water consumption of residents, the focus of water conservation can be placed on reducing the elastic water consumption. The proportion of elastic water consumption in economically developed cities in Shandong Province was higher than that in economically backward cities, indicating that the higher the degree of economic development of a city, the higher the proportion of elastic water consumption. Changes in water prices had a significant impact on elastic water consumption, suggesting that water prices could play a certain role in regulating the hierarchical water consumption of residents to a certain extent. The research results could provide data support for the prediction of hierarchical water consumption of residents and the implementation of water price reform policies.

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