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山东大学学报 (工学版) ›› 2020, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (5): 107-117.doi: 10.6040/j.issn.1672-3961.0.2019.572

• 化学与环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

环境中高氯酸盐的来源、水污染现状与处理工艺研究进展

高宝玉1(),宋雯1,3,姚广平2,岳钦艳1   

  1. 1. 山东大学环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266237
    2. 山东山大华特科技股份有限公司,山东 济南 250061
    3. 济南大学水利与环境学院,山东 济南 250022
  • 收稿日期:2019-09-29 出版日期:2020-10-20 发布日期:2020-10-19
  • 作者简介:高宝玉(1961—),男,山东鄄城人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为水处理技术与环境保护. E-mail:bygao@sdu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金资助项目(51178252);国家自然科学青年基金资助项目(51508307);泰山学者工程专项资助项目(ts201511003)

Research advance in the source, water pollution status and treatment processes of perchlorate

Baoyu GAO1(),Wen SONG1,3,Guangping YAO2,Qinyan YUE1   

  1. 1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China
    2. Shandong Shanda Huate Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
    3. School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-09-29 Online:2020-10-20 Published:2020-10-19

摘要:

高氯酸盐具有高稳定性、高水溶性、强氧化性和低挥发性,广泛应用于军工制造、航空航天与工业生产等领域。伴随着空气流动和水体迁移,越来越严重的高氯酸盐水体污染现象已在全球范围内引起广泛关注。有关高氯酸盐的来源、水体污染现状和治理工艺,国外已开展了较为全面的研究与调查,我国仍处于起步阶段,严重忽视高氯酸盐的环境污染问题,缺乏对其系统深入的处理工艺研究,更缺少相关环境质量标准与安全浓度限值。综述了高氯酸盐的来源、危害和水污染现状,分析了世界已有的高氯酸盐浓度限值标准,并重点总结了高氯酸盐处理工艺的研究进展,以期为我国高氯酸盐污染问题的深入研究和相关法律法规的制定提供借鉴与参考。

关键词: 高氯酸盐, 水污染现状, 处理工艺, 来源, 危害

Abstract:

Perchlorate was widely used in military manufacturing, aerospace and industrial production, which had high stability, high water solubility, strong oxidizability and low volatility. With the flow of air and water migration, increasingly serious perchlorate water pollution caused widespread concern worldwide. Therefore, many countries carried out a comprehensive research and investigation on the source, water pollution status and treatment technology of perchlorate. However, China still had a few reports on perchlorate study, seriously neglecting the situation and treatment research of perchlorate pollution and lacking relevant environmental quality standards and safety concentration limits. This paper reviewed the source, hazard and water pollution status of perchlorate, analized the existing worldwide perchlorate concentration limit standards, and summarized the research progress of perchlorate treatment process in order to provide some references for further development of perchlorate study and formulation of relevant regulations in China.

Key words: perchlorate, water pollution status, treatment processes, source, hazard

中图分类号: 

  • X131

图1

高氯酸盐在环境中的流动、转运和转化途径"

表1

不同国家和地区对饮用水中高氯酸盐质量浓度的安全限制标准"

国家、地区、组织 质量浓度限制标准(μg/L-1) 来源
USEPA[33] 15 USEPA 2009
Alabama[33] 24.5 ADEM 2008
California[33] 6 Cal/EPA 2016c
Colorado[33] 4.9 CDPHE 2016
Florida[33] 4 FDEP 2005
Illinois[33] 4.9 IL EPA 2016
Indiana[33] 15 IDEM 2016
Kansas[33] 1171 KDHE 2015
Maine[33] 0.8 MDEP 2016
Maryland[33] 2.6 MDE 2008
Massachusetts[33] 2 MA DEP 2016
加拿大[40] 6 CEPA 2005
世界卫生组织[41] 70 WHO 2017
Nebraska 6.4 NDEQ 2012
Nevada 18 NDEP 2015
New Mexico 25.6 NMED 2012
Pennsylvania 15 PADEP 2011
Texas 17 TCEQ 2016
Utah 14 UDEQ 2012
Virginia 15 VDEQ 2014
Vermont 24 VTDEC 2015
West Virginia 15 WVDEP 2014
Wyoming 23.3 WDEQ 2016

表2

水体中高氯酸盐的主要去除工艺与原理"

编号 处理工艺 实验条件 去除效果 工艺原理
1 物理法 铁盐浸渍活性炭(FeCl3-GAC),pH=2.0~9.0 吸附量0.117 mmol/g 静电吸引[53]
2 酸化处理活性炭,303 K 吸附量20.1~44.0 mg/g 物理吸附[54]
3 胺基交联磁性生物质树脂,20~40 ℃ 吸附量119.05~178.57 mg/g 离子交换[56]
4 HDPyCl-蒙脱石离子交换材料 吸附量1.02 mmol/g 离子交换[57]
5 改性纳滤膜(改性剂:PAH和PAA) 去除率93%
(初始质量浓度10 mg/L)
反渗透膜分离[58]
6 高氯酸盐选择性渗透膜(原料:聚氯乙烯和季铵盐),电场作用下 去除率60%
(初始质量浓度1 mg/L)
电渗析[59]
7 化学法 ReV(O)(hoz)2Cl-Pd0颗粒负载多孔碳基(1 atm H2,25 ℃) 还原率近100%
(初始质量浓度1 mmol/L)
催化还原,电子供体:H2[60]
8 Ag纳米颗粒负载二氧化钛纳米管(紫外光照射下) 还原率62%
(初始质量浓度0.001 mmol/L)
光催化还原[61]
9 Ti材料阳极(ClO4-和NO3-混合液) 还原率小于20 μg/Lbr (初始质量浓度200 mg/L) 电化学还原[62]
10 零价钛、溶解态钛 还原率大于90%
(初始质量浓度1 mmol/L)
电化学还原[63]
11 生物法 维管束类植物 植物积累量0~981 mg (perchlorate)/kg (plant weight) 植物积累[65]
12 大型漂浮植物 去除率63.8±4%
(初始质量浓度5 mg/L)
植物积累、植物降解和根际降解[66]
13 高氯酸盐还原菌(Azospira sp. KJ) 还原速率0.094~0.16 mg-perchlorate/mg-DW (dry weight)-h 微生物还原[68]
14 混合高氯酸盐还原菌 还原率近100%(初始质量浓度50~1 500 mg/L) 生物还原[69]
15 组合工艺 离子交换膜生物反应器 生物还原效率大于99% 生物还原[70]
16 吸附与微生物还原联用 吸附量232.56~277.78 mg/g 离子交换和生物还原[71]

图2

Resingle-site-Pdnanoparticle/Carbon催化ClO4-的机理图[60]"

图3

富集高氯酸根的AM bio-resin的生物再生过程示意图[71]"

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